High efficiency group iii-v compound semiconductor solar cell with oxidized window layer

ABSTRACT

The present application utilizes an oxidation process to fabricating a Group III-V compound semiconductor solar cell device. By the oxidation process, a window layer disposed on a cell unit is oxidized to enhance the efficiency of the solar cell device. The oxidized window has an increased band gap to minimize the surface recombination of electrons and holes. The oxidized window also improves transparency at the wavelengths that were absorbed in the conventional window layer.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a Divisional Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/695,671 filed Jan. 28, 2010, which is based onand claims the priority benefit of Provisional Application No.61/147,929 filed on Jan. 28, 2009, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present application concerns photovoltaic devices, such as solarcell devices. More specifically, the present application concerns GroupIII-V compound semiconductor based photovoltaic devices employing awindow layer.

A photovoltaic device converts light energy into electricity. Althoughthe term “solar cell device” may sometimes be used to refer to a devicethat captures energy from sunlight, the terms “solar cell device” and“photovoltaic device” are interchangeably used in the presentapplication regardless of the light source.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional multiple junctionsolar cell device 100. The multiple junction solar cell device 100 mayinclude a substrate 101, a bottom cell unit 103, a middle cell unit 105,and a top cell unit 107. The multiple junction solar cell device 100 canbe positioned to receive light from the front or top (illuminated) sideof the device. The light typically include a plurality of wavelengths,and the cell units 103, 105 and 107 are typically designed to absorbdifferent wavelengths of light. For example, the first range ofwavelengths 111 may be absorbed in the bottom cell unit 103, the secondrange of wavelengths 113 may be absorbed in the middle cell unit 105,and the third range of wavelengths 115 may be absorbed in the top cellunit 107.

The multiple junction solar cell device 100 may also include a windowlayer 109 to improve the overall efficiency of the solar cell device100. In the conventional multiple junction solar cell device 100, InAlPis widely used as a standard window layer. The window layer 109 isgenerally provided to prevent the surface recombination ofphoto-generated carriers. With the conventional window layer 109, thefourth wavelength 117, such as the far blue end or ultraviolet region ofthe solar spectrum, are absorbed in the window layer 109 so that thefourth range of wavelengths 117 are not transmitted to any of the cellunits 103, 105 and 107 of the device 100. Therefore, the efficiency ofthe conventional device 100 decreases due to the window layer 109.Furthermore, one important mechanism for loss in the solar cell deviceis the recombination of photo-generated carriers, such as holes andelectrons, at the top surface of the solar cell device due to the highdensity of surface states. The conventional window layer has a band gapof around 2.0 eV. A wider band gap would enhance the efficiency of thesolar cell device 100 by reducing the recombination of thephoto-generated carriers. However, it is difficult to grow materialswith a band gap larger than 2.0 eV that are lattice matched to GaAssubstrates in the conventional solar cell device 100.

Accordingly, a new solar cell structure is also needed with a windowlayer that minimizes surface recombination.

SUMMARY

The present application provides a new solar cell device structure witha window layer that transmits more wavelengths and passivates thesurface of the solar cell device. The present application teachesdifferent structures for Group III-V compound semiconductor solar celldevices. The solar cell structure of the present invention includesoxidized window layers provided on the top or front (illuminated)surface of the solar cell devices. The oxidized window layers areprovided using a thermal oxidation process, such as a wet oxidationtechnique. The oxidation process provides a wider band gap for thewindow layer so that a larger barrier prevents photo-generated carriers,such as electrons and holes, from reaching the surface of the devices.Therefore, the oxidized window layer minimizes surface recombination ofthe photo-generated carriers at the top surface of the solar celldevices. The oxidation process may also help reduce surfacerecombination by passivating surface states of the solar cell devices.

Furthermore, the wider band gap of the oxidized window layer improvestransmission of higher energy photons through the window layer. Theoxidized window layer is optically transparent in the ultraviolet regionor the far blue end of the solar spectrum so that the oxidized windowlayer provides improved transmission of higher energy photons to thecell units of the solar cell device.

In accordance with one embodiment, a method is provided for fabricationof a Group III-V compound semiconductor solar cell. The method involvesforming at least a cell unit from a Group III-V compound semiconductormaterial. The cell unit is configured to absorb predeterminedwavelengths of a solar spectrum. A window layer is formed on the cellunit to reduce recombination of photo-generated carriers at a topsurface of the solar cell device. The window layer is oxidized toconvert the window layer to an oxidized window layer.

In the above embodiment, the window layer may be oxidized using a wetoxidation process. The oxidized window layer may have a larger band gapthan the window layer. The band gap of the oxidized window layer may beabout 4.0 eV. The window layer may be an Al-containing Group III-Vcompound semiconductor material. For example, the window layer may be anInAlP window layer or an AlGaAs window layer. The oxidized window layermay transmit a second range of wavelengths of the solar spectrum to thecell unit to increase a photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the cellunit, the second range of wavelengths being absorbed in the windowlayer. The second range of wavelengths may be wavelengths of a far blueend of the solar spectrum. The cell unit may be formed from any ofGallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Indium Phosphide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)P),Gallium Indium Arsenide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As), Indium Phosphide (InP) andGallium Indium Arsenide Phosphide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As_(1-y)P_(y)), andAluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide ((Al_(x)Ga_(1-x))_(1-y)In_(y)P). Thesolar cell device may be a single junction device or a multi-junctiondevice having a plurality of cell units, each cell unit being configuredto absorb a different range of wavelengths in the solar spectrum.

The method of the above embodiment may include the step of providing asubstrate on which the cell is formed, wherein the substrate is formedof at least one of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium Phosphide (InP).The step of oxidizing may include the steps of providing a cap layer onthe window layer to enhance an electrical contact with a metalconductive material, etching the cap layer, and oxidizing an exposedportion of the window layer, the exposed portion corresponding to anetched portion of the cap layer. The method of the above embodiment mayinclude the steps of providing the metal conductive material on the caplayer, and applying an antireflection coating to the oxidized windowlayer. The method of the above embodiment may include the step ofproviding a backside contact on a bottom surface of the substrate.

In another embodiment, a solar cell device is provided to include atleast one cell unit formed from a Group III-V compound semiconductormaterial. The cell unit is configured to absorb predeterminedwavelengths of a solar spectrum. The solar cell device also includes anoxidized window layer disposed on the cell unit to prevent recombinationof photo-generated carriers at a top surface of the solar cell device.

In the above embodiment, the band gap of the oxidized window layer maybe about 4.0 eV. The oxidized window layer may include an Al-containingGroup III-V compound semiconductor material. The window layer mayinclude an InAlP material or an AlGaAs material. The cell unit may beformed from any of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Indium Phosphide(Ga_(1-x)In_(x)P), Gallium Indium Arsenide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As), IndiumPhosphide (InP) and Gallium Indium Arsenide Phosphide(Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As_(1-y)P_(y)), and Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide((Al_(x)Ga_(1-x))_(1-y)In_(y)P). The solar cell device of the aboveembodiment may include a plurality of cell units, each cell unit beingconfigured to absorb different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. Thesolar cell device of the above embodiment may include a substrate onwhich the cell unit is formed, wherein the substrate is formed of atleast one of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium Phosphide (InP). Thesolar cell device of the above embodiment may include a cap layerdisposed on the window layer to enhance an electrical contact with ametal conductive material disposed on the cap layer. The solar celldevice of the above embodiment may include a backside contact disposedon a bottom surface of the substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

These and other characteristics of the present application will be morefully understood by reference to the following detailed description inconjunction with the attached drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional Group III-V compoundsemiconductor solar cell device with a window layer;

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of a Group III-V compoundsemiconductor solar cell device with an oxidized window layer accordingto the teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 2B is a simplified schematic diagram of a furnace where a windowlayer is oxidized by a wet oxidation process according to the teachingsof the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the oxidized window on thephotoluminescence of the solar cell device of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the external quantum efficiency of a singlejunction solar cell device with an oxidized window layer and with anunoxidized window layer;

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart diagram of an exemplary method forfabricating the solar cell devices in accordance with the teachings ofthe present application;

FIGS. 6A-6E show the intermediate state of the solar cell devicefabrication according the method described in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 shows the photoluminescence measurements of unoxidized, halfoxidized, and fully oxidized dual-junction solar cell devices fabricatedfrom the same epitaxial structure;

FIG. 8 shows current-voltage measurements of unoxidized, half oxidized,and fully oxidized dual-junction solar cell devices fabricated from thesame epitaxial structure; and

FIG. 9 shows the Internal Quantum Efficiency measurements of theunoxidized, half oxidized, and fully oxidized dual-junction solar cellsfabricated from the same epitaxial structure.

DESCRIPTION

The embodiments of the present application provide Group III-V compoundsemiconductor solar cell devices and methodologies for fabricating suchsolar cell devices. The Group III-V compound semiconductor solar celldevices as taught herein include an oxidized window layer formed on thetop or front surface of the devices using a thermal oxidation process,such as a wet oxidation technique. The oxidation provides a wider bandgap for the window layer so that the oxidized window layer improvestransparency at the far blue end of the solar spectrum. Therefore, theoxidized window layer provides improved transmission of higher energyphotons to the cell units of the solar cell device.

Furthermore, the wider band gap of the oxidized window layer preventselectrons and holes from reaching the surface of the solar cell devices.Therefore, the oxidized window layer minimizes surface recombination ofthe holes and electrons at the top surface of the solar cell devices andpassivates the surface states of the solar cell device.

FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary multiplejunction solar cell device 200 suitable for use with the oxidized windowlayer of the present invention. The multiple junction solar cell device200 may include a substrate 201, a first or bottom cell unit 203, asecond or middle cell unit 205, and a third or top cell unit 207. Asused herein, the term “cell unit” refers to a layer or region of thesolar cell device having a certain band gap energy characteristic, whichuses a certain portion of the solar spectrum to generate electricity. Asused herein, each cell unit in a multiple junction solar cell device hasa different band gap energy characteristic.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the multiplejunction solar cell device 200 is exemplary and that any number ofjunctions can be employed in the illustrated solar cell device. Forexample, the illustrated solar cell device can include a single-junctionor more, such as two or three junctions. Those of ordinary skill willalso readily understand the various layers that comprise each junctionof the solar cell device 200.

The substrate 201 serves as a base providing a suitable latticestructure onto which the Group III-V compound semiconductor solar celldevice 200 is formed. The fabrication methodology of the Group III-Vcompound semiconductor solar cell device 200 as taught herein involvesgrowing epitaxial layers on a provided substrate, as is known to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. The substrate 201 may be formed fromGermanium (Ge), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP), GalliumPhosphide (GaP), Gallium Antimonide (GaSb) or any other suitable GroupIII-V compound semiconductor material or combination of materials.

Each cell unit 203, 205 and 207 of the illustrated solar cell device 200can be formed of one or more Group III-V compound semiconductormaterials, such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Indium Phosphide(GaInP), Gallium Indium Arsenide (GaInAs), Gallium Indium ArsenidePhosphide (GaInAsP), or any other suitable Group III-V compoundsemiconductor material or combination of materials. Each cell unit maycontain an emitter region, a base region, and a junction between theemitter region and the base region. The emitter region may include anemitter layer formed of an n-type Group III-V compound semiconductormaterial and the base region may include a base layer formed of a p-typeGroup III-V compound semiconductor material. The emitter layer and thebase layer may be formed of a p-type Group III-V compound semiconductormaterial and an n-type Group III-V compound semiconductor material,respectively, in other embodiments.

Those of ordinary skill will readily recognize that each cell unit canhave a certain band gap energy characteristic, which uses a certainportion of the solar spectrum to generate electricity. The cell units inthe multiple junction solar cell device 200 may be formed from differentsemiconductor materials comprised of varying compositions of theelemental materials Ga, In, Al, As, P, Sb, Ge, and Si so that themultiple cell units may have different band-gaps to absorb differentwavelengths of the solar spectrum. For example, the first cell unit 203,the second cell unit 205 and the third cell unit 207 may be formed ofInGaAs, GaAs and GaInP, respectively. Therefore, the first cell unit203, the second cell unit 205 and the third cell unit 207 may absorbdifferent wavelengths of the solar spectrum.

An oxidized window layer 209 is provided on the top surface of the thirdor top cell unit 207. The oxidized window layer 209 may include anAl-containing Group III-V compound semiconductor oxide. According to oneembodiment, an Al-containing Group III-V compound semiconductormaterial, such as AlGaAs, AlAs, InAlAs or InAlP, is deposited on the topsurface of the third or top cell unit 207 and the Al-containing GroupIII-V compound semiconductor material is oxidized using a thermaloxidation process, such as wet oxidation, to form the oxidized windowlayer 209. The present inventors have realized that once oxidized, theoxidized window layer has a longer or expanded band gap of around 4.0eV. This wider band gap prevents electrons and holes from beingrecombined at the top surface of the solar cell device. The wider bandgap also improves the optical transparency of the window layer at thefar blue end or ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum, therebyallowing these wavelengths to pass therethrough. In prior devices, thesewavelengths are typically absorbed by the window layer, which isunoxidized. The oxidation of the window layer will be described belowwith reference to FIG. 2B.

In operation, the cell units 203, 205 and 207 receive light from the topor front side of the solar cell device 200. The first range ofwavelengths 211 of the solar spectrum, such as a red light region of thesolar spectrum, may be absorbed in the bottom cell unit 203. The secondrange of wavelengths 213, such as a yellow light region of the solarspectrum, may be absorbed in the middle cell unit 205. The third rangeof wavelengths 215, such as the green light region of the solarspectrum, may be absorbed in the top cell unit 207. Furthermore, thefourth range of wavelengths 217, such as the far blue end or ultravioletregion of the solar spectrum, are now transmitted to the top cell unit207 so that the fourth range of wavelengths 217 are absorbed in the topor other cell units of the device 200. Consequently, the oxidized windowlayer 209 improves the efficiency of the solar cell device 200.

FIG. 2B shows a simplified furnace 220 in which a window layer isoxidized in accordance with the teachings of the present application.Various system components such as flow regulators, piping structures andcontrollers are omitted for the sake of simplicity. The furnace 220 maybe an oxidation furnace that can diffuse oxidant agents or gases to thewafers loaded in the furnace. For example, heat treatment furnaces fromLingberg/MPH can be used for oxidizing the window layer in an embodimentof the present application.

The furnace 220 may include a process chamber 221 where the wafer 223 isloaded for oxidation. The process chamber 221 can be configured toaccept a single wafer. In another embodiment, the process chamber 221may be configured to accept a plurality of wafers 223 at the same time.The furnace 220 may also include a mechanism 224 for holding the wafers223 within the process chamber 221. The wafers 223 are held within theprocess chamber 221 in a vertical direction. In another embodiment, thewafers 223 may be held within the process chamber 221 in a horizontaldirection.

The furnace 220 may include one or more ports for receiving an oxidantagent or gas, such as oxygen gas and water vapor such as steam. Thefurnace 220 may also include a port for receiving an inert gas, such asnitrogen gas. The ratio of oxygen gas, steam and the nitrogen gas may beoptimized depending on the type of the material to be oxidized and thethickness of the oxide to be formed.

The furnace 220 may include a heating source 225 for heating the processchamber 221 to a target temperature. The oxidation may be performedusing a wet oxidation process where the oxidation reactions occur at atemperature above the normal boiling point of water (100° C.) so thatwater vapors or steam can be used as oxidant agents. According to oneembodiment, the temperature of the process chamber 221 can be in therange of from about 300° C. to about 600° C., and is preferably in therange of about 350° C. to about 550° C. Those of ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that the temperature of the process chamber 221 maybe adjusted depending on the type of the material to be oxidized and thethickness of the oxide to be formed.

It is preferred that the pressure of the process chamber 221 is set toatmospheric pressure. It is also preferred that the exposure time of thewafers 223 in the process chamber 221 is in the range of about 20minutes to about 6.0 hours. A more preferred time period is about 1.0hour to about 3.0 hours. Those of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that the exposure time in the process chamber may bedetermined depending on the type of the material to be oxidized and thethickness of the oxide to be formed.

According to one practice, the entire portion or thickness of the windowlayer can be oxidized. Alternatively, only a portion of the window layeris oxidized. For example, a top half thickness of the window layer canbe oxidized. By the wet oxidation process, the thickness of the oxidizedwindow layer is maintained substantially the same as the thickness ofthe window layer prior to the oxidation. In a different embodiment, thethickness of the oxidized window layer may be slightly larger than thethickness of the window layer prior to the oxidation. Examples of wetoxidation methodologies are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.6,262,360, U.S. Pat. No. 6,373,522, U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,980, and U.S.Pat. No. 5,696,023, the contents of which are herein incorporated byreference.

The present inventors have realized that the wet oxidation processconverts the window layer of the solar cell device to a very stableoxide material having highly desirable characteristics. The oxides ofthe window layer provide low oxide-semiconductor interface statedensities and an unpinned Fermi level at the oxide-semiconductorinterface. Therefore, the oxide passivates the window layer of the solarcell device. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that thewet oxidation process employed herein is exemplary and the window layermay be oxidized using other thermal oxidation processes, such as a dryoxidation process.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the oxidized window layer on thephotoluminescence (PL) of a single junction solar cell device. Thesingle junction solar cell device may include an InGaP cell unit and anInAlP window layer deposited on the InGaP cell unit. The graph showsthat the PL intensity of the InGaP cell unit increases with increasingoxidation time. The increase of the PL intensity suggests that surfacerecombination of electrons and holes is substantially reduced.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of asingle junction solar cell device. The single junction solar cell deviceincludes an InGaP cell unit and an InAlP window layer deposited on theInGaP cell unit. The EQE is defined as the current obtained outside thedevice per incoming photon. Therefore, EQE depends on the absorbtion oflight and the collection of charges. Once a photon has been absorbed andhas generated an electron-hole pair, these charges must be separated andcollected at the junction. The recombination of the charges decreasesthe EQE.

The upper graph in FIG. 4 shows the EQE of the solar cell device with anoxidized window layer. The lower graph shows the EQE of the solar celldevice with an unoxidized window layer. As shown by the graphs, the EQEof the single junction solar cell with the oxidized window layer ishigher than the EQE of the single junction solar cell with theunoxidized window layer in the wavelength rage of 370 nm-650 nm. Thegraphs indicate that the oxidized window layer improves the surfacerecombination, especially in the far blue end or ultraviolet region ofthe solar spectrum.

FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart diagram of an exemplary method forfabricating solar cell devices in accordance with the teachings of thepresent application. In accordance with an embodiment of the presentapplication, a wafer including a single or multiple cell units formed ona substrate may be provided as a starting material (step 501). Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that any number of the cell units orjunctions can be employed in the solar cell device of the presentapplication. An unoxidized window layer is provided on the top surfaceof the single or multiple cell units. A cap layer may be deposited overthe unoxidized window layer. The cap layer may be provided to enhancethe electrical contact with a metal conductive material, such as thefront or top side grid metal contact of the solar cell devices.

The cap layer may be etched according to the pattern of the grid metalcontact (step 503). After etching of the cap layer, the wafer is loadedin the furnace depicted in FIG. 2B. The exposed portion of the windowlayer, which corresponds to the removed portion of the cap layer, isoxidized using the thermal oxidation process (step 505). Afteroxidation, the wafer is unloaded from the furnace and the grid metalcontact is formed on the remaining cap layer (step 507). Anantireflection coating (for example, a zinc sulfide/magnesium fluoridecoating or other suitable antireflection coating) is formed on thesurface of the oxidized window layer (step 509). An isolation etch isperformed, and a backside metal contact is applied to the solar celldevice (step 511).

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the order of theabove fabrication process may change in some embodiments of the presentapplication. For example, the front or top side grid metal contact isapplied before step 503 and a self-aligned etch may be used to removethe cap layer. The etched wafer is loaded in the furnace because thegrid metal contact is stable under the high-temperature oxidationconditions.

In some embodiments, additional processing may be performed such aswafer probing, wafer bonding, testing of individual or groups of GroupIII-V compound semiconductor solar cells, slicing of the wafer toproduce individual Group III-V compound semiconductor solar cells,packaging of the individual Group III-V compound semiconductor solarcells, formation of multiple junction Group III-V compound semiconductorsolar cells and other like processes.

FIGS. 6A-6E shows the intermediate states of the solar cell devicefabrication according the method described in FIG. 5. FIG. 6A shows astarting epitaxial material including a substrate 601, a single ormultiple cell units 603, an unoxidized window layer 605 and a cap layer607. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any number of thecell units or junctions can be employed in the solar cell device of thepresent application. The unoxidized window layer may include anAl-containing Group III-V compound semiconductor material, such asAlGaAs, AlAs, InAlAs or InAlP. The cap layer may enhance the electricalcontact with a front or top side grid metal contact of the solar celldevice.

FIG. 6B shows a state where the cap layer 607 is etched according to thepattern of the grid metal contact 613. After etching of the cap layer,the wafer is loaded in the furnace depicted in FIG. 2B to oxidize thewindow layer 605. FIG. 6C shows a state where the exposed portion of thewindow layer 605, which corresponds to the removed portion of the caplayer, is oxidized to form an oxidized window layer 609. Afteroxidation, the wafer is unloaded from the furnace and the grid metalcontact is formed on the remaining cap layer. FIG. 6D shows that thegrid metal contact 613 is formed on the cap layer. FIG. 6D also showsthat an antireflection coating 611 is formed on the surface of theoxidized window layer 609. FIG. 6E shows that an isolation etch isperformed, and a backside metal contact 615 is applied to the solar celldevice.

For experimental purposes, a solar cell structure is grown consisting ofa standard InGaP/GaAs double junction solar cell device with a 2500 ÅInAlP window layer. The top contact layer is patterned and etched andthe wafer is cleaved into several pieces. Two pieces are oxidized via ahigh-temperature wet-oxidation process. For one of the two pieces, thewindow layer is completely oxidized. For the other piece, only the tophalf of the window layer is oxidized. A third piece is left unoxidized.All three of these pieces are then processed into solar cell devices andtested to measure photoluminescence (PL), current-voltage (IV) data andInternal quantum efficiency (IQE).

FIG. 7 shows the result of a test measuring the PL of the three samples.That is, the graph shows the PL of the top InGaP cell unit with theunoxidized, partially oxidized, and fully oxidized InAlP window layer.The PL of the top InGaP cell unit terminated with the oxidized windowlayer demonstrates much stronger than the PL of the top InGaP cell unitterminated with the unoxidized window layer. This test result indicatesthat the oxidized window layer reduces carrier losses via recombinationand the oxide passivates the surface of the solar cell device.Additionally, the PL of the top InGaP cell unit terminated with oxidizedwindow layer is slightly blue shifted from that of the top InGaP cellunit terminated with unoxidized window layer. This result indicates thatthe oxidized window layer reduces absorption of far blue end of thesolar spectrum by the window layer.

FIG. 8 shows the result of a test measuring the IV data of theunoxidized, half oxidized, and fully oxidized dual-junction solar celldevices. The measurement is performed under AM-1.5 illumination. Ahigher short-circuit current (Isc) is obtained for the oxidizeddual-junction solar cell devices. This result indicates that theadditional photons reach the top InGaP unit cell as a result of theincreased window layer transparency.

FIG. 9 shows the IQE measurements of the unoxidized, half oxidized, andfully oxidized dual-junction solar cell devices. The IQE refers to theefficiency with which photons that are not reflected or transmitted outof the cell can generate collectable carriers. The IQE of the threedual-junction solar cell devices are similar, except at the far blue endof the spectrum. Additional efficiency is obtained for the oxidizedsamples since less photons are absorbed (and wasted) by the InAlP windowlayer. The oxidized cells have increased response at the far blue end ofthe spectrum due to the increased transparency of the InAlP window layerresulting from the oxidation process.

One of the advantages of the present application is that the efficiencyof Group III-V compound semiconductor solar cell devices issignificantly improved by employing oxidized window layers. The oxidizedwindow layers have a wider band gap than unoxidized window layers sothat the oxidized window layers can transmit more light to the cellunits of the solar cell devices. The wider band gap of the oxidizedwindow layer reduces the surface recombination of holes and electronsand hence improves the efficiency of the solar cell devices.

The above advantages outweigh the complexity of the process forfabricating a solar cell device with a window layer oxidized. Foroxidation of the window layer, the wafer is loaded and unloaded from thefurnace during the fabricating process of the solar cell device.Although the fabrication process becomes complex, the presentapplication provides a wider band gap and improved optical transparencyof the oxidized window layer at the far blue end or ultraviolet regionof a solar spectrum.

Numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the presentapplication will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of theforegoing description. Accordingly, this description is to be construedas illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the best mode for carrying out the present application. Detailsof the structure may vary substantially without departing from thespirit of the present application, and exclusive use of allmodifications that come within the scope of the appended claims isreserved. It is intended that the present application be limited only tothe extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules oflaw.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are to cover allgeneric and specific features of the invention described herein, and allstatements of the scope of the invention that, as a matter of language,might be said to fall therebetween.

1. A solar cell device, comprising: at least one cell unit formed from aGroup III-V compound semiconductor material, the cell unit beingconfigured to absorb predetermined wavelengths of a solar spectrum; andan oxidized window layer disposed on the cell unit to preventrecombination of photo-generated carriers at a top surface of the solarcell device.
 2. The solar cell device of claim 1, wherein a band gap ofthe oxidized window layer is about 4.0 eV.
 3. The solar cell device ofclaim 1, wherein the oxidized window layer comprises an Al-containingGroup III-V compound semiconductor material.
 4. The solar cell device ofclaim 1, wherein the window layer comprises an InAlP material or anAlGaAs material.
 5. The solar cell device of claim 1, wherein the cellunit is formed from any of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium IndiumPhosphide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)P), Gallium Indium Arsenide (Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As),Indium Phosphide (InP) and Gallium Indium Arsenide Phosphide(Ga_(1-x)In_(x)As_(1-y)P_(y)), and Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide((Al_(x)Ga_(1-x))_(1-y)In_(y)P).
 6. The solar cell device of claim 1,wherein the device comprises a plurality of cell units, each cell unitbeing configured to absorb different wavelengths of the solar spectrum.7. The solar cell device of claim 1, further comprising: a substrate onwhich the cell unit is formed, wherein the substrate is formed of atleast one of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP) orGermanium (Ge).
 8. The solar cell device of claim 1, further comprising:a cap layer disposed on the window layer to enhance an electricalcontact with a metal conductive material disposed on the cap layer. 9.The solar cell device of claim 1, further comprising a backside contactdisposed on a bottom surface of the substrate.
 10. The solar cell deviceof claim 1, wherein the window layer is oxidized by a wet oxidationprocess.